The Old Testament allowed for spousal separation under certain conditions, primarily involving ‘uncleanness’ or ‘indecency’ (Deuteronomy 24:1). The interpretation of this phrase has varied throughout history, with some Rabbinical schools construing it broadly to encompass any cause of displeasure to the husband, and others restricting it to serious moral failings. This allowance contrasts with the creation narrative’s emphasis on the permanence of marriage.
Understanding the historical and cultural context surrounding these biblical passages is essential. Marriage served crucial social and economic functions in ancient Israel, and divorce had significant ramifications for women, particularly regarding their economic security and social standing. Thus, regulations concerning separation aimed to balance individual circumstances with societal stability.